inflammation

Meningitis [Show Notes]

 in Brain / Podcasts  tagged bacteria / fungus / inflammation / meningitis / parasites / surgery / vaccines / viruses by

Basics

Meningitis = inflammation of meninges

Generalized symptoms:  fever, headache, stiff neck, light sensitivity, confusion, lethargy, 

4 types of infectious meningitis

  1. Bacterial – we have a vaccine for that! 3-7 days; spreads in close communities (like college dorms).  Spreads through prolonged contact.  Confirmed through spinal tap and cerebrospinal fluid culture
  2. Viral – most common type; can be caused by lots of viruses: enterovirus, mumps, measles, flu, west nile.  7-10 days.  This is why I believe in vaccines!
  3. Fungal – not contagious; most common in patient with suppressed immune systems or secondary from surgery.
  4. Parasitic – Rare yet fatal.  Amoeba enters through nose from warm contaminated fresh water sources or pool, even hot springs (warm up to 115* F).  Only 31 cases in the 10 years between 2002 and 2012.  Destroys brain tissue ~ 5 days. 

Non-infectious causes:  Surgery, injury, lupus, cancer

The most important thing is that all of this be monitored by a doctor – ALWAYS!!

2 quick tests for meningitis

Kernig’s sign 

Brudzinski’s sign

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Music Credits:  “Radio Martini” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)  Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0  http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

APAP vs NSAIDs

 in Blog  tagged advil / APAP / Aspirin / fever / headache / inflammation / naproxen / NSAIDs / OTC / pain / tylenol by

FAQ

What’s the difference between acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil/Motrin)?

APAP

Acetaminophen (A-SEET-a-men-o-fin, APAP) is in a class all by itself and science isn’t 100% sure how it works. There is a suspicion that there is an enzyme in the inflammation cascade that is only found in the central nervous system, and that enzyme is inhibited by APAP. But because it’s central, this is why APAP works on pain and fever but not swelling. APAP is metabolized by the liver, and that metabolism pathway produces a very toxic by-product if it gets into a traffic jam. This is why APAP dosing limits have been adjusted, and APAP overdoses are so dangerous, even if one does not have liver disease or consume alcohol.
Podcast Episode: Too Much Acetaminophen

NSAIDs

Ibuprofen is in a class many call NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – because the other medications used to treat inflammation are steroids). NSAIDs, including ibuprofen work on a specific enzyme step in the inflammation process that result in pain, swelling, and fever. That is why joint and muscle injuries respond well to NSAIDs. It is also why the inflammatory response due to viral or bacterial infections are subdued easily by NSAIDs. NSAIDs are metabolized and processed through the kidneys. An overdose can lead to kidney damage, as well as kidney disease can be worsened if these medications are used.  Aspirin is also a NSAID, as well as naproxen.

Bottom Line

In my personal experience, APAP works well on fever and overall body aches (think the flu). Ibuprofen and naproxen work well on injured joints and muscles, as well as sore throat symptoms due to viral infections.  Aspirin doesn’t get recommended for the same things as NSAIDs, mostly because it has such a big reputation as a blood thinner.